caller — returns the context of any active subroutine call

$cat test.bash
!/bin/bash

die() {
  local frame=0
  while caller $frame; do
    ((frame++));
  done
  echo "$*"
  exit 1
}

f1() { die "*** an error occured ***"; }
f2() { f1; }
f3() { f2; }

f3
$

$bash test.bash 
12 f1 test.bash
13 f2 test.bash
14 f3 test.bash
16 main test.bash
*** an error occured ***
$chmod +x test.bash
$./test.bash 
12 f1 ./test.bash
13 f2 ./test.bash
14 f3 ./test.bash
16 main ./test.bash
*** an error occured ***
$