BEAUTY AND PLAY
$pwdx 3805 1413 1412 1799 1009 2002 3805: /home/jeffrin 1413: Permission denied 1412: Permission denied 1799: Permission denied 1009: Permission denied 2002: Permission denied $ $sudo pwdx 3805 1413 1412 1799 1009 2002 [sudo] password for jeffrin: 3805: /home/jeffrin 1413: / 1412: /var/lib/mysql 1799: / 1009: / 2002: / $
The pwdx command reports the current working directory of
a process or processes.
$pmap 2307 | more 2307: bash 0000000000400000 868K r-x-- /bin/bash 00000000006d9000 36K rw--- /bin/bash 00000000006e2000 24K rw--- [ anon ] 00000000010b9000 304K rw--- [ anon ] 00007f1e4c89b000 44K r-x-- /lib/libnss_files-2.13.so 00007f1e4c8a6000 2044K ----- /lib/libnss_files-2.13.so 00007f1e4caa5000 4K r---- /lib/libnss_files-2.13.so 00007f1e4caa6000 4K rw--- /lib/libnss_files-2.13.so 00007f1e4caa7000 40K r-x-- /lib/libnss_nis-2.13.so 00007f1e4cab1000 2044K ----- /lib/libnss_nis-2.13.so 00007f1e4ccb0000 4K r---- /lib/libnss_nis-2.13.so 00007f1e4ccb1000 4K rw--- /lib/libnss_nis-2.13.so 00007f1e4ccb2000 84K r-x-- /lib/libnsl-2.13.so 00007f1e4ccc7000 2044K ----- /lib/libnsl-2.13.so 00007f1e4cec6000 4K r---- /lib/libnsl-2.13.so 00007f1e4cec7000 4K rw--- /lib/libnsl-2.13.so 00007f1e4cec8000 8K rw--- [ anon ] 00007f1e4ceca000 28K r-x-- /lib/libnss_compat-2.13.so 00007f1e4ced1000 2044K ----- /lib/libnss_compat-2.13.so 00007f1e4d0d0000 4K r---- /lib/libnss_compat-2.13.so 00007f1e4d0d1000 4K rw--- /lib/libnss_compat-2.13.so 00007f1e4d0d2000 106700K r---- /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive 00007f1e53905000 1512K r-x-- /lib/libc-2.13.so 00007f1e53a7f000 2044K ----- /lib/libc-2.13.so 00007f1e53c7e000 16K r---- /lib/libc-2.13.so 00007f1e53c82000 4K rw--- /lib/libc-2.13.so 00007f1e53c83000 20K rw--- [ anon ] 00007f1e53c88000 8K r-x-- /lib/libdl-2.13.so 00007f1e53c8a000 2048K ----- /lib/libdl-2.13.so 00007f1e53e8a000 4K r---- /lib/libdl-2.13.so --More-- $pmap -d 2307 | more 2307: bash Address Kbytes Mode Offset Device Mapping 0000000000400000 868 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00001 bash 00000000006d9000 36 rw--- 00000000000d9000 008:00001 bash 00000000006e2000 24 rw--- 0000000000000000 000:00000 [ anon ] 00000000010b9000 304 rw--- 0000000000000000 000:00000 [ anon ] 00007f1e4c89b000 44 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00001 libnss_files-2.13.so 00007f1e4c8a6000 2044 ----- 000000000000b000 008:00001 libnss_files-2.13.so 00007f1e4caa5000 4 r---- 000000000000a000 008:00001 libnss_files-2.13.so 00007f1e4caa6000 4 rw--- 000000000000b000 008:00001 libnss_files-2.13.so 00007f1e4caa7000 40 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00001 libnss_nis-2.13.so 00007f1e4cab1000 2044 ----- 000000000000a000 008:00001 libnss_nis-2.13.so 00007f1e4ccb0000 4 r---- 0000000000009000 008:00001 libnss_nis-2.13.so 00007f1e4ccb1000 4 rw--- 000000000000a000 008:00001 libnss_nis-2.13.so 00007f1e4ccb2000 84 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00001 libnsl-2.13.so 00007f1e4ccc7000 2044 ----- 0000000000015000 008:00001 libnsl-2.13.so 00007f1e4cec6000 4 r---- 0000000000014000 008:00001 libnsl-2.13.so 00007f1e4cec7000 4 rw--- 0000000000015000 008:00001 libnsl-2.13.so 00007f1e4cec8000 8 rw--- 0000000000000000 000:00000 [ anon ]
The pmap command reports the memory map of a process or
processes.
$id uid=1000(jeffrin) gid=1000(jeffrin) groups=1000(jeffrin),29(audio),1001(wireshark) $id -n id: cannot print only names or real IDs in default format $id -a uid=1000(jeffrin) gid=1000(jeffrin) groups=1000(jeffrin),29(audio),1001(wireshark) $id -g 1000 $id -G 1000 29 1001 $id -Gn jeffrin audio wireshark $id -r id: cannot print only names or real IDs in default format $id -rG 1000 29 1001 $id -u 1000 $id -un jeffrin $
Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user
If no user operand is provided, the id utility writes the user and group IDs and the corresponding user and group names of the invoking process to standard output. If the effective and real IDs do not match, both are written. If multiple groups are supported by the underlying system, /usr/xpg4/bin/id also writes the supplementary group affiliations of the invoking process. If a user operand is provided and the process has the appropriate privileges, the user and group IDs of the selected user are written. In this case, effective IDs are assumed to be identical to real IDs. If the selected user has more than one allowable group membership listed in the group database, /usr/xpg4/bin/id writes them in the same manner as the supplementary groups described in the preceding paragraph.
The id utility displays the user and group names and numeric IDs, of the calling process, to the standard output. If the real and effective IDs are different, both are displayed, otherwise only the real ID is dis- played. If a user (login name or user ID) is specified, the user and group IDs of that user are displayed. In this case, the real and effective IDs are assumed to be the same.
$logname
jeffrin
$logname --help
Usage: logname [OPTION]
Print the name of the current user.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report logname bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'logname invocation'
$logname --version
logname (GNU coreutils) 8.5
Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later .
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
Written by FIXME: unknown.
$
The logname utility will write the user's login name to standard output. The login name is the string that would be returned by the getlogin(3C) function. Under the conditions where getlogin() would fail, logname will write a diagnostic message to standard error and exit with a non-zero exit status.
$cat test.text hello how are you ? $csplit test.text 1 0 20 $cat xx00 $cat xx01 hello how are you ? $rm xx* $csplit test.text 2 6 14 $cat xx00 hello $cat xx01 how are you ? $rm xx* $csplit test.text 3 10 10 $cat xx01 are you ? $cat xx00 hello how $csplit test.text 4 20 csplit: `4': line number out of range $cat xx01 are you ? $ls xx00 ls: cannot access xx00: No such file or directory $
Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output.
$cat example.text hello $ls -l example.text -rw-r--r-- 1 jeffrin jeffrin 6 Jun 21 02:32 example.text $truncate -s 10 example.text $ls -l example.text -rw-r--r-- 1 jeffrin jeffrin 10 Jun 21 02:35 example.text $hexdump example.text 0000000 6568 6c6c 0a6f 0000 0000 000000a $cat example.text hello $truncate -s 9 example.text $ls -l example.text -rw-r--r-- 1 jeffrin jeffrin 9 Jun 21 02:36 example.text $hexdump example.text 0000000 6568 6c6c 0a6f 0000 0000 0000009 $
`truncate' shrinks or extends the size of each FILE to the specified size.If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (or hole) reads as zero bytes.
$xwd -out ldump $du -h ldump 1.4M ldump $hexdump -n 1 ldump 0000000 0000 0000001 $hexdump -n 5 ldump 0000000 0000 7600 0000 0000005 $hexdump -n 10 ldump 0000000 0000 7600 0000 0700 0000 000000a $hexdump -n 50 ldump 0000000 0000 7600 0000 0700 0000 0200 0000 1000 0000010 0000 0004 0000 ad02 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000020 0000 2000 0000 0000 0000 2000 0000 1000 * 0000030 $
Xwd is an X Window System window dumping utility. Xwd allows X users to store window images in a specially formatted dump file. This file can then be read by various other X utilities for redisplay, printing, editing, formatting, archiving, image processing, etc. The target window is selected by clicking the pointer in the desired window. The keyboard bell is rung once at the beginning of the dump and twice when the dump is completed.
Start by doing what is necessary, then what is possible, and suddenly you are doing the impossible.
~St. Francis of Assisi
Quote . Danny Yoo.